Alprazolam

U.S. BRAND NAMES — Alprazolam Intensol®; Niravam™; Xanax XR®; Xanax®
PHARMACOLOGIC CATEGORY Benzodiazepine
DOSING: ADULTS — Note: Treatment >4 months should be re-evaluated to determine the patient's continued need for the drug
Anxiety: Oral: Immediate release: Effective doses are 0.5-4 mg/day in divided doses; the manufacturer recommends starting at 0.25-0.5 mg 3 times/day; titrate dose upward; usual maximum: 4 mg/day. Patients requiring doses >4 mg/day should be increased cautiously. Periodic reassessment and consideration of dosage reduction is recommended.
Anxiety associated with depression: Oral: Immediate release: Average dose required: 2.5-3 mg/day in divided doses
Ethanol withdrawal (unlabeled use): Oral: Immediate release: Usual dose: 2-2.5 mg/day in divided doses
Panic disorder: Oral: Immediate release: Initial: 0.5 mg 3 times/day; dose may be increased every 3-4 days in increments 1 mg/day. Mean effective dosage: 5-6 mg/day; many patients obtain relief at 2 mg/day, as much as 10 mg/day may be required Extended release: 0.5-1 mg once daily; may increase dose every 3-4 days in increments 1 mg/day (range: 3-6 mg/day) Switching from immediate release to extended release: Patients may be switched to extended release tablets by taking the total daily dose of the immediate release tablets and giving it once daily using the extended release preparation.
Preoperative sedation: Oral: 0.5 mg in evening at bedtime and 0.5 mg 1 hour before procedure
Dose reduction: Abrupt discontinuation should be avoided. Daily dose may be decreased by 0.5 mg every 3 days, however, some patients may require a slower reduction. If withdrawal symptoms occur, resume previous dose and discontinue on a less rapid schedule.
DOSING: PEDIATRIC
(For additional information see "Alprazolam: Pediatric drug information")Anxiety (unlabeled use): Oral: Immediate release: Initial: 0.005 mg/kg/dose or 0.125 mg/dose 3 times/day; increase in increments of 0.125-0.25 mg, up to a maximum of 0.02 mg/kg/dose or 0.06 mg/kg/day (0.375-3 mg/day). See "Dose Reduction" comment in adult dosing.
Note: Treatment >4 months should be re-evaluated to determine the patient's continued need for the drug.
DOSING: ELDERLY — Initial: 0.125-0.25 mg twice daily; increase by 0.125 mg/day as needed. The smallest effective dose should be used. Immediate release: Initial 0.25 mg 2-3 times/day Extended release: Initial: 0.5 mg once daily
DOSING: RENAL IMPAIRMENT — No guidelines for adjustment; use caution.
DOSING: HEPATIC IMPAIRMENT — Oral: Reduce dose by 50% to 60% or avoid in cirrhosis.
DOSAGE FORMS — Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Solution, oral [concentrate]: Alprazolam Intensol®: 1 mg/mL (30 mL)
Tablet: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg Xanax®: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg
Tablet, extended release: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg Xanax XR®: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg
Tablet, orally disintegrating [scored]: Niravam™: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg [orange flavor]
DOSAGE FORMS: CONCISE Solution, oral [concentrate]: Alprazolam Intensol®: 1 mg/mL
Tablet: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg Xanax®: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg
Tablet, extended release: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg Xanax XR®: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg
Tablet, orally disintegrating [scored]: Niravam™: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg
GENERIC EQUIVALENT AVAILABLE — Yes: Extended release tablet, immediate release tablet
ADMINISTRATION Immediate release preparations: Can be administered sublingually with comparable onset and completeness of absorption.
Extended release tablet: Should be taken once daily in the morning; do not crush, break, or chew.
Orally-disintegrating tablets: Using dry hands, place tablet on top of tongue. If using one-half of tablet, immediately discard remaining half (may not remain stable). Administration with water is not necessary.
USE — Treatment of anxiety disorder (GAD); panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia; anxiety associated with depression
USE - UNLABELED / INVESTIGATIONAL — Anxiety in children
ADVERSE REACTIONS SIGNIFICANT >10%: Central nervous system: Abnormal coordination, cognitive disorder, depression, drowsiness, fatigue, irritability, lightheadedness, memory impairment, sedation, somnolence Gastrointestinal: Appetite increased/decreased, constipation, salivation decreased, weight gain/loss, xerostomia Genitourinary: Micturition difficulty Neuromuscular & skeletal: Dysarthria
1% to 10%: Cardiovascular: Hypotension Central nervous system: Agitation, attention disturbance, confusion, depersonalization, derealization, disorientation, disinhibition, dizziness, dream abnormalities, fear, hallucinations, hypersomnia, nightmares, seizure, talkativeness Dermatologic: Dermatitis, pruritus, rash Endocrine & metabolic: Libido decreased/increased, menstrual disorders Gastrointestinal: Salivation increased Genitourinary: Incontinence Hepatic: Bilirubin increased, jaundice, liver enzymes increased Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia, ataxia, myalgia, paresthesia Ocular: Diplopia Respiratory: Allergic rhinitis, dyspnea
<1% (Limited to important or life-threatening): Amnesia, falls, galactorrhea, gynecomastia, hepatic failure, hepatitis, hyperprolactinemia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
CONTRAINDICATIONS — Hypersensitivity to alprazolam or any component of the formulation (cross-sensitivity with other benzodiazepines may exist); narrow-angle glaucoma; concurrent use with ketoconazole or itraconazole; pregnancy
WARNINGS / PRECAUTIONS Concerns related to adverse effects: Anterograde amnesia: Benzodiazepines have been associated with anterograde amnesia. CNS depression: May cause CNS depression, which may impair physical or mental abilities; patients must be cautioned about performing tasks which require mental alertness (eg, operating machinery or driving). Paradoxical reactions: Paradoxical reactions, including hyperactive or aggressive behavior, have been reported with benzodiazepines, particularly in adolescent/pediatric or psychiatric patients.
Disease-related concerns: Depression: Use caution in patients with depression, particularly if suicidal risk may be present; episodes of mania or hypomania have occurred in depressed patients treated with alprazolam. Drug abuse: Use with caution in patients with a history of drug abuse or acute alcoholism; potential for drug dependency exists. Tolerance, psychological and physical dependence may occur with prolonged use (generally >10 days). Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment. Impaired gag reflux: Use with caution in patients with an impaired gag reflux. Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment or predisposition to urate nephropathy; has weak uricosuric properties. Respiratory disease: Use with caution in patients with respiratory disease.
Concurrent drug therapy issues: CNS depressants/psychoactive medications: Use with caution in patients receiving other CNS depressants or psychoactive medication; effects with other sedative drugs or ethanol may be potentiated. High potential for interactions: Use with caution in patients taking strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, moderate or strong CYP3A4 inducers and major CYP3A4 substrates (see Drug Interactions); consider alternative agents that avoid or lessen the potential for CYP-mediated interactions.
Special populations: Debilitated patients: Use with caution in debilitated patients. Elderly: Use with caution in the elderly; benzodiazepines have been associated with falls and traumatic injury. Fall risk: Use with extreme caution in patients who are at risk of falls; benzodiazepines have been associated with falls and traumatic injury. Obese patients: Use with caution in obese patients; may have prolonged action when discontinued.
Other warnings/precautions: Appropriate use: Does not have analgesic, antidepressant, or antipsychotic properties. Breakthrough anxiety: At the end of dosing interval, breakthrough anxiety may occur. Withdrawal: Rebound or withdrawal symptoms, including seizures, may occur 18 hours to 3 days following abrupt discontinuation or large decreases in dose (more common in patients receiving >4 mg/day or prolonged treatment). Use caution when reducing dose or withdrawing therapy; decrease slowly and monitor for withdrawal symptoms. Flumazenil may cause withdrawal in patients receiving long-term benzodiazepine therapy.
RESTRICTIONS — C-IV
DRUG INTERACTIONS — Substrate of CYP3A4 (major)
CNS depressants: Sedative effects and/or respiratory depression may be additive with CNS depressants. Includes ethanol, barbiturates, opioid analgesics, and other sedative agents; monitor for increased effect.
CYP3A4 inducers: CYP3A4 inducers may decrease the levels/effects of alprazolam. Example inducers include aminoglutethimide, carbamazepine, nafcillin, nevirapine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and rifamycins.
CYP3A4 inhibitors: May increase the levels/effects of alprazolam. Example inhibitors include azole antifungals, clarithromycin, diclofenac, doxycycline, erythromycin, imatinib, isoniazid, nefazodone, nicardipine, propofol, protease inhibitors, quinidine, telithromycin, and verapamil. Contraindicated with itraconazole and ketoconazole.
Fluoxetine: May increase plasma concentrations/effects of alprazolam.
Oral contraceptives: May increase serum levels/effects of alprazolam.
Theophylline: May partially antagonize some of the effects of benzodiazepines; monitor for decreased response; may require higher doses for sedation.
Tricyclic antidepressants: Plasma concentrations of imipramine and desipramine have been reported to be increased 31% and 20%, respectively, by concomitant administration; monitor.
ETHANOL / NUTRITION / HERB INTERACTIONS Cigarette smoking: May decrease alprazolam concentrations up to 50%.
Ethanol: Avoid ethanol (may increase CNS depression).
Food: Alprazolam serum concentration is unlikely to be increased by grapefruit juice because of alprazolam's high oral bioavailability. The Cmax of the extended release formulation is increased by 25% when a high-fat meal is given 2 hours before dosing. Tmax is decreased 30% when food is given immediately prior to dose. Tmax is increased by 30% when food is given 1 hour after dose.
Herb/Nutraceutical: St John's wort may decrease alprazolam levels. Avoid valerian, St John's wort, kava kava, gotu kola (may increase CNS depression).
PREGNANCY RISK FACTOR — D (show table)
PREGNANCY IMPLICATIONS — Benzodiazepines have the potential to cause harm to the fetus, particularly when administered during the first trimester. In addition, withdrawal symptoms may occur in the neonate following in utero exposure. Use during pregnancy should be avoided.
LACTATION — Enters breast milk/not recommended (AAP rates "of concern")
BREAST-FEEDING CONSIDERATIONS — Symptoms of withdrawal, lethargy, and loss of body weight have been reported in infants exposed to alprazolam and/or benzodiazepines while nursing. Breast-feeding is not recommended.
PRICING — (data from drugstore.com)Tablet, 24-hour (Alprazolam) 0.5 mg (30): $31.99 1 mg (30): $69.99 2 mg (30): $106.45
Tablet, 24-hour (Xanax XR) 0.5 mg (30): $70.04 1 mg (30): $89.89 2 mg (30): $116.75 3 mg (30): $175.13
Tablet, orally-disintegrating (Niravam) 0.5 mg (30): $41.99 0.25 mg (30): $33.99 1 mg (30): $56.99 2 mg (30): $94.99
Tablets (Alprazolam) 0.5 mg (30): $7.99 0.25 mg (30): $9.99 1 mg (30): $7.99 2 mg (30): $8.99
Tablets (Xanax) 0.5 mg (30): $40.85 0.25 mg (30): $34.09 1 mg (30): $54.86 2 mg (30): $86.39
MONITORING PARAMETERS — Respiratory and cardiovascular status
TOXICOLOGY / OVERDOSE COMPREHENSIVE — Symptoms include somnolence, confusion, coma, and diminished reflexes. Treatment for benzodiazepine overdose is supportive. Mechanical ventilation is rarely required. Flumazenil has been shown to selectively block the binding of benzodiazepines to CNS receptors, resulting in a reversal of benzodiazepine-induced sedation; however, its use may not alter the course of overdose.
CANADIAN BRAND NAMES — Alti-Alprazolam; Apo-Alpraz® TS; Apo-Alpraz®; Gen-Alprazolam; Novo-Alprazol; Nu-Alprax; Xanax TS™; Xanax®
INTERNATIONAL BRAND NAMES — Aceprax (PY, UY); Afobam (PL); Alcelam (TH); Alganax (ID); Alnax (TH); Alpaz (PE); Alplax (AR); Alpralid (IL); Alpram (KR); Alprax (AU, HK, IN, TH); Alprazomerck (PL); Alprocontin (IN); Alprox (IL, PL, TW); Alti-Alprazolam (CA); Alviz (ID); Alzam (ZA); Alzax (KR); Alzolam (IN); Anax (TH); Anpress (TH); Ansiopax (CL); Anxirid (ZA); Apo-Alpraz (CA, SG); Apo-Alpraz TS (CA); Apraz (BR); Azor (ZA); Calmlet (ID); Cassadan (DE); Constan (JP); Daclor (DO); Dixin (CO); Drimpam (ZA); Feprax (ID); Frontal (BR); Frontin (PL); Gen-Alprazolam (CA); Helex (HR); Kalma (AU, TW); Kinax (TW); Marzolam (TH); Nalion (HK); Neupax (MX); Neurol (PL); Nirvan (CO); Novo-Alprazol (CA); Nu-Alprax (CA); Pacyl (IN); Panix (ZA); Pharnax (TH); Prazol (AE, BH, CY, EG, IQ, IR, JO, KW, LB, LY, OM, QA, SA, SY, YE); Prinox (AR); Renax (HK); Solanax (JP); Tafil (CR, DE, DK, GT, HN, MX, NI, PA, SV, VE); Tafil D (MU); Tensivan (CO); Trankimazin (ES); Tranquinal (BR, EC, PE, PY, UY); Tricalma (CL, PE); Valeans (IT); Xanacine (TH); Xanagis (IL); Xanax (AE, AN, AR, AU, BB, BE, BF, BG, BH, BJ, BM, BS, BZ, CA, CH, CI, CO, CY, CZ, DE, EC, EE, EG, ET, FR, GB, GH, GM, GN, GR, GY, HK, HR, HU, IE, IQ, IR, IT, JM, JO, KE, KW, LB, LR, LY, MA, ML, MR, MU, MW, MY, NE, NG, NL, NZ, OM, PE, PK, PL, PT, QA, SA, SC, SD, SL, SN, SR, SY, TH, TT, TW, TZ, UG, YE, ZM, ZW); Xanax SR (SG); Xanax TS® (CA); Xanax XR (TW); Xanolam (ZA); Xanor (AT, FI, NO, PH, SE, ZA); Xanor XR (PH); Zacetin (KR); Zanapam (AE, BH, CY, EG, IL, IQ, IR, JO, KR, KW, LB, LY, OM, QA, SA, SY, YE); Zolam (IN); Zolarem (AE, BF, BH, BJ, CI, CY, EG, ET, GH, GM, GN, IQ, IR, JO, KE, KW, LB, LR, LY, MA, ML, MR, MU, MW, NE, NG, OM, QA, SA, SC, SD, SL, SN, SY, TZ, UG, YE, ZA, ZM, ZW); Zoldac (BF, BJ, CI, ET, GH, GM, GN, KE, LR, MA, ML, MR, MU, MW, NE, NG, SC, SD, SL, SN, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW); Zomiren (PL); Zopax (ZA); Zotran (CL); Zypraz (ID)
MECHANISM OF ACTION — Binds to stereospecific benzodiazepine receptors on the postsynaptic GABA neuron at several sites within the central nervous system, including the limbic system, reticular formation. Enhancement of the inhibitory effect of GABA on neuronal excitability results by increased neuronal membrane permeability to chloride ions. This shift in chloride ions results in hyperpolarization (a less excitable state) and stabilization.
PHARMACODYNAMICS / KINETICS Distribution: Vd: 0.9-1.2 L/kg; enters breast milk
Protein binding: 80%
Metabolism: Hepatic via CYP3A4; forms two active metabolites (4-hydroxyalprazolam and alpha-hydroxyalprazolam)
Bioavailability: 90%
Half-life elimination: Adults: 11.2 hours (range: 6.3-26.9) Elderly: 16.3 hours (range: 9-26.9 hours) Alcoholic liver disease: 19.7 hours (range: 5.8-65.3 hours) Obesity: 21.8 hours (range: 9.9-40.4 hours)
Time to peak, serum: 1-2 hours
Excretion: Urine (as unchanged drug and metabolites)
PATIENT INFORMATION — Avoid alcohol and other CNS depressants; avoid activities needing good psychomotor coordination until CNS effects are known; drug may cause physical or psychological dependence; avoid abrupt discontinuation after prolonged use; do not crush, break, or chew extended release tablets